INTRODUCTION The Z88 Source Book is designed to be a good reference on the Z88, how to interface it with the world, how to do things with it, what products are/were available, and what dealers carry them. It is not designed to be a replacement for the Z88 User Guide, but as a supplement to it, filling in areas not covered by the User Guide. This Source Book also comes with a number of utilities and files for the Z88 on QL or MS-DOS disks. Although the Z88 can interface with any computer with a serial port, these are two that I have chosen to focus on. Those who have interfaced the Z88 with other computers can submit the details so that they may be added to this book. All utilities that come with this book are either Shareware, Freeware, or Public Domain and may be freely distributed. The reason for this book comes from when I was a new Z88 owner and did not know how to get it to interface with any computers. I initially got some help from Dave Bennett, but still had to fumble a bit in the dark. The Z88 documentation assumes that one purchased the QLink, PC-Link, or Mac-Link software and cable and does not discuss the ways to transfer files to another computer. From my initial lack of knowledge came the idea for a Source Book to assist new (and old) Z88 users, including utilities to help. This book relies heavily on the work of others and their exploration of the Z88. A lot of the information in this book comes from a variety of publications and people. I am indebted to both Dave Bennett and Frank Davis for providing the back issues of various newsletters. Below is a list of publications and persons from which/whom this book is indebted. Update Magazine, Z88 Fax News, PipeLine, Z88 EPROM, Dave Bennett, Frank Davis, Phil Wheeler, Chris Fenn, and other contributers of Z88 articles to the various newsletters. Throughout this book I will reference various parts by their Radio Shack Part Number. I'm doing this not because I favor Radio Shack, but because Radio Shack is everywhere and the part number references a specific item. One last item, if you have not read the Z88 Manual all the way through, then I recommend it. In the tradition of other Sinclair documentation, the manual is full of good information, but it's hiding. A cursory reading of the manual will not reveal all of the neat tricks the Z88 can do. CONVENTIONS There are a number of keys on the Z88 that are not on other computers. Below is the convention of how they will be used in this book: [] - Square Key <> - Diamond Key HISTORY The Z88 started off as the "Pandora" project when Sir Clive Sinclair sold off Sinclair Research Ltd. to Amstrad. It was first introduced in England in June of 1987. It was sometime in 1988 that the Z88 was introduced in the US, being sold by Cambridge North America. The market life of the Z88 was rather limited. After coming on strong in 1988, a number of vendors and magazines started folding around 1990. The official Z88 magazine, "Z88 User", folded in 1989 after publishing for a year. Cambridge North America folded in 1990 after some rather complicated legal dealings. When the Z88 was introduced to the US, the reviews in computer magazines seemed to be fairly polarized. Either the reviewer loved the Z88 (like Stan Veit) or wrote it off completely. Most reviewers cited the fact that the Z88 was not MS-DOS compatible as being a large reason why it would not sell. Despite the reviews, the Z88 did sell fairly well to Macintosh users, who did not care about it not being MS-DOS compatible, and were used to paying the high price that some dealers were selling the Z88 for. PIPEDREAM TIPS Multiple Columns Change the width of Column A with <>W to 40. Set a right margin of 38 with <>H. Goto Options with <>O. Set justify to Y. Set the page length to what you want. Set Header, Footer, and Bottom to 0 and Left to 2. Editing is more difficult with multiple columns, so 99% of the editing is done with the text in column A. Any insertions and deletions of lines of text must use the commands <>EIRC and <>EDRC. <>N and the <>Y insert and delete in ALL columns. Now you are going to separate and move your text into column B. There will be a jagged line across the column where you previously set the page length. Now move the cursor one line past this marker. Type <>Z and then move to the end of the text with <> and Down Arrow. Type <>Z again. All the selected text will be highlighted on the screen. Press TAB to move your cursor to Column B and use the arrow keys to put the cursor where you want the moved text to start. Now type <>BM for Block Move. Your selected text will be moved to your cursor position. BBC BASIC TIPS The Z88 Manual is very terse on how to program in BBC Basic. It discusses the commands, functions, and operators of the language, but does not cover how to put these together to construct a program. For the experienced Basic programmer BBC Basic should be fairly familiar. For the novice, it is a more daunting task to put together a program. A full discussion of how to write a BBC Basic program is far beyond the scope of this book. One way to learn BBC Basic is to go over the Basic programs included with the Source Book. They should provide you with a fairly good set of examples of how to do various tasks in BBC Basic. There are a few books on BBC Basic: "Using BBC Basic", P.J. Cockerell, 1983, John Wiley and Sons (ISBN 047190242X). "BASIC Programming on the BBC Microcomputer", Neil & Pat Cryer, 1982, Prentice Hall. "BBC Basic Reference Manual for the Z88", D.J. Mounter The first two books were designed for the BBC Micro and some portions of the text will not apply to the Z88 version of BBC Basic. They are good starting points for the novice programmer. Optionally, a novice programmer could pick up a book on general Basic and translate the examples to BBC Basic. Star Commands There are some commands that are not documented in the Z88 User Manual that are covered in other Books. *CLI - Execute CLI Commands. 10 *CLI #F - invokes the Filer. *DELETE - Delete Files. 10 *DELETE pd/file - Deletes file in the pd subdirectory. *ERASE - Same as *DELETE. *REANME - Renames a file. Execute it just like *DELETE. *NAME - Assigns a name to a BASIC program. The VDU Command A number of less documented features of BBC Basic are accessed via the VDU command. The VDU command is almost equivalent to the CHR$ command. VDU X = CHR$(X). Using the command VDU 65 will print out the A character ( A = ASCII 65). The ASCII codes from 0-31 and 127 will perform special tasks with the VDU command. Not all of these VDU commands are documented. Some of the VDU commands are documented in the BBC Basic book by P.J. Cockerell. Most do not apply to the Z88 since they are graphics commands. One is completely different than that used on the Z88. The following VDU commands are not used on the Z88. VDU 17 Color Control VDU 19 Actual color to logical color VDU 22 MODE Command VDU 23 Create User Defined Characters (see below) VDU 26 Restore Default Windows VDU 28 Define Text or Scrolling Window VDU 30 HOME the Cursor VDU 31,x,y TAB(x,y) The following subsections document the known Z88 VDU commands. This includes screen controls, sound, and user defined graphics. Screen Control Codes The Z88 has a number of codes that are used to control the screen and to print special characters (ones not on the keyboard). Remember VDU X is the same as CHR$(X). VDU 8 Move cursor Left VDU 9 Move cursor Right VDU 10 Move cursor Down VDU 11 Move cursor Up VDU 1,32 Three Dots VDU 1,33 Bell Symbol VDU 1,39 Backwards Apostrophy VDU 1,42 Square VDU 1,43 Diamond VDU 1,45 Shift Symbol VDU 1,124 Upright Slash VDU 1,142 Block VDU 1,224 Space Symbol VDU 1,225 Enter Symbol VDU 1,226 Tab Symbol VDU 1,227 Delete Symbol VDU 1,228 ESC Symbol VDU 1,229 Menu Symbol VDU 1,230 Index Symbol VDU 1,231 Help Symbol VDU 1,240 Left Key Arrow VDU 1,241 Right Key Arrow VDU 1,242 Down Key Arrow VDU 1,243 Up Key Arrow VDU 1,244 Thick Left Arrow VDU 1,245 Thick Right Arrow VDU 1,246 Thick Down Arrow VDU 1,247 Thick Up Arrow VDU 1,248 Thin Left Arrow VDU 1,249 Thin Right Arrow VDU 1,250 Thin Down Arrow VDU 1,251 Thin Up Arrow VDU 1,ASC("B") Bold Characters VDU 1,ASC("C") Toggles Cursor VDU 1,ASC("D") Slows the Display VDU 1,ASC("F") Flash Characters VDU 1,ASC("G") Bright Characters VDU 1,ASC("R") Inverts the Screen VDU 1,ASC("S") Screen Scrolls from Top to Bottom VDU 1,ASC("T") Small Characters VDU 1,ASC("U") Underlines Characters Key Codes Sometimes it is necessary to know the codes that keys generate. To find out what codes a key press generates, enter the following program: 10 PRINT "Hit Key or Combination"; 20 Z$ = GET$ 30 PRINT Z$,ASC(Z$) 40 GOTO 20 The Diamond <> Key acts like a CTRL key. KEY ALONE SHIFT KEY CTRL KEY <> ----------------------------------------------- UP 0, 255 0, 251 0, 247 DN 0, 254 0, 250 0, 246 RT 0, 253 0, 249 0, 245 LT 0, 252 0, 248 0, 244 Other interesting codes: CTRL TAB 0, 194 CTRL DEL 0, 195 CTRL \ 28 CTRL = 0, 0 CTRL - 31 CTRL ] 29 CTRL ' 96 CTRL [ 27 CTRL ENTER 0, 193 Line Graphics The Z88 is capable of producing "IBM style" line graphics. These are generated by VDU commands in the following form: VDU 1,ASC("2"),ASC("*"),ASC("char") where char is a letter in the range A to O. Here is an example program: 10 Z=65 20 REPEAT 30 VDU 1,ASC("2"),ASC("*"),Z 40 VDU 9 50 Z=Z+1 60 UNTIL Z=80 Sound The Z88 is capable of limited sound. Variations can be made of the Z88's beep. Below are three examples to experiment with: VDU 1,52,33,38,34,34 VDU 1,52,33,34,33,34 VDU 1,52,33,40,33,33 User Defined Characters The Z88 has the ability to have up to 64 user defined characters. Characters can be defined from CHR$(64), the @ symbol, to CHR$(127), ESC. They are defined in the following format: VDU 1,138,ASC"=",ASC"char",n0,n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7 where char is the ASCII character that this new character is assigned to. n0 through n7 are the decimal equivalents to the binary code defining the character. The characters are defined in a 6 column by 8 row matrix. The rows are defined by the numbers n1 to n7 in downward sequence (n7 is the bottom row) and the columns are defined by the six lower bits of the binary form of these numbers (bit 0 is the right-most bit). It appears that the setting of the two highest bits is not important. Here is an example of a Smiley Face character: Binary Decimal 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 27 <-- n0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 17 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <-- n7 | |--- Blank Column for space between characters Printing HEX Values Using a tilde (~) with the ASC command in a print statement will print out the HEX value of the character being operated on. ~ASC"A" will print out the HEX value of the character A (41). ASC"A" is 65. PRINT "A", ASC"A", ~ASC"A" will produce: A 65 41 BASIC Inline Assembler BBC BASIC on the Z88 comes with an inline assembler built in. The variable P% is used as a program counter. The user must set P% to the desired start point for the machine code before invoking the assembler. The assembler can be invoked with the [ symbol on a single line. It is uninvoked by a ] on a single line. Below is a sample program: 10 DIM code 100 20 P% = code 30 [ 40 LD BC,50 50 RET 60 ] It is recommended that the user have a good knowledge of Z80 machine code programming before trying the assembler. Locking up your Z88 could cause it to do a hard reset (take it to a "virginal" blank state). A Hint on the OPENUP Command The command OPENUP (OPEN for UPdate) is a little odd on the Z88. The typical syntax might be: 10 F% = OPENUP(F$) 20 PRINT #F%,G$ But this will result in the current contents of F$ being overwritten, not appended. To OPEN for APPEND, you need to move the file pointer to the end of the file: 10 f% = OPENUP(F$) 20 PTR #F%=EXT #F% 30 PRINT #F%,G$ This will add G$ at the end of the file, instead of overwriting the existing contents. Reading the Serial Port Here is a short BASIC routine that demonstrates how to read the serial port. 10 channel% = OPENIN(":COM.0") 20 BPUT# channel%,outputbyte% - set byte 30 inputbyte% = BGET# channel% - read byte Testing the Speed of the Z88 in Basic Benchmark speed tests are standard ways of comparing different computers in relation with each other. I have converted one benchmark program from the QL to the Z88. It's a fairly simple prime number calculating program, originally written by Duane Parker to test out different compilers and languages on the QL. I use it here to compare the Z88 with the QL. The QL is known for having a slow display. I ran the benchmark on both computers with the output of the program being displayed and not displayed. The key thing I found out from this test is that the Z88 does not suffer a slow down when outputing information to the display. The results for the Z88 were the same on both runs. The benchmark determines all of the prime numbers from 32767 to X, where X is less than 32767 and greater than 0. In the benchmark tests that I ran, I had the program determine the primes from 32767 to 29000. These were the same numbers used in earlier tests with the benchmark. Using the fastest Z88 and QL times, the Z88 ran the benchmark in 326 seconds and the QL in 229 seconds. This means that the QL is 1.4 times faster than the Z88. Considering that the QL is running a 68008 at 7 MHz and the Z88 is using a Z80 at 3 MHz, the Z88 does fairly well. The program is as follows: 10 PRINT "Stop Calculations at what value less than 32767?" 20 INPUT V 30 P = 32767 DIV 100 40 IF V>32767 OR V<0 THEN PRINT "INVALID": GOTO 10 50 PRINT "Primes < 32767 & > ";V 60 A$ = TIME$ 70 FOR I = 32767 TO V STEP -2 80 FOR J = 3 TO 191 STEP 2 90 IF (I MOD J) = 0 THEN GOTO 140 95 NEXT J 100 IF (I
X, S (for send), enter the file name and hit
ENTER. The file will be sent to the QL, with the number of lines
being displayed on the Z88. When the prompt returns on the Z88, hit
CTRL-SPACE to stop the copy on the QL.
From a QL:
On the Z88, go to the Import-Export pop-up, type R to Receive,
enter a file name, and then hit ENTER.
On the QL, EXEC QLtoZ88_EXE, enter a file name, select the baud
rate, and wait for the program to run.
On the Z88, you will see a countup of the lines as they are
transferred. When the transfer is complete, the Import- Export Menu
will return.
To a PC:
Due to the difficulty of accessing the serial port via Basic or C
on a PC, I was not able to write any transfer programs for the PC.
There was one on the Z88 BBS in California, but that BBS has been
gone for a couple of years.
Instead you can use almost any communications software for the PC.
I will use Procomm as an example. Procomm is one of the more
popular communications programs and it has a Shareware version.
Once you have hooked up the computers via the serial cable, start
Procomm. Set it to the same baud rate as the Z88. Set the Z88 to
not use XON/XOFF.
Hit the PageDown key on the PC. Procomm will ask for a transfer
type. Hit 7 for ASCII. Enter a file name and hit return. The PC
will be waiting for the file to be sent. On the Z88, enter
Import/Export by hitting [] X. Enter S for send. Enter the file
name and hit return. You should see the text appear on the PC screen
as it is being sent. Once the file transfer is complete, hit ESC on
the PC to tell Procomm to stop the file transfer. You now have the
file on the PC.
It is advisable to run the file through the program ADDLF.EXE so
that the file will be fully MS-DOS compatible.
From a PC:
Before sending an ASCII document to the Z88, you should run it
through the program RMLF.EXE so that the file will be Z88 compatible.
Using Procomm as above, set the baud rate on both computers. On
the Z88 enter Import/Export with [] X. Enter R to receive. Enter a
file name and hit return. The Z88 will be waiting for the file.
On the PC, hit the PageUp key to do an upload. Hit the 7 key to
signify ASCII transfer. Enter the name of the file to send. The
file will now be sent to the Z88. When the transfer is done the Z88
should beep and be asking what to do next. If not, hit the ESC key
to tell it that the transfer is done.
Printer Capture
One way to get a PipeDream document without saving it as ASCII is
to print it, but instead of having the Z88 hooked up to a printer, it
is hooked up to a computer. Output from the Z88 is stored on the
computer.
To a QL:
On the QL, type COPY SER2 TO RAM1_FILENAME_EXT and hit ENTER.
On the Z88, in PipeDream, hit <>PO to print.
On the QL, once the Z88 cursor is back, hit CTRL-SPACE to stop the
copy. The transfer is complete.
To a PC:
Use the same procedure listed above for transferring files from the
Z88 to the PC. Since PipeDream is sending the file to a printer, the
file will have the necessary CR and LFs for the PC. You do not need
to run it through ADDLF.EXE.
XMODEM Transfer
To a QL:
There are a number of QL communication programs that support XMODEM
transfer. For demonstration purposes I'll use QLterm.
Once QLterm is load on the QL and Z88COMM on the Z88, make sure
both systems are using the same baud rate. Hook up the cables and
we're ready to go.
On the Z88, select R for Receive Xmodem. Enter the file to
receive, but do not hit return. On the QL, hit F3 to get into
command mode. Enter XS for XMODEM Send, enter a file name, but do
not hit return. On the Z88 hit return and then hit return on the QL.
As each block is sent, you will see the progress on both
computers. Once the transfer is complete, QLterm will go back to
Terminal mode, and the Z88 will switch to VT52 Terminal. On the Z88,
hit the Index key and select Z88COMM and you are back where you
started.
From a QL:
On the QL, hit F3 to enter command mode. Enter XR for XMODEM
Receive, enter a file name and do not hit return. On the Z88, hit S
for send XMODEM. Enter a file name, but do not hit return. Hit
return on the QL and then hit return on the Z88. As each block is
sent you will see the progress on each computer.
On the QL, QLterm will return to Terminal mode. The Z88 will
enter the VT52 Terminal. Hit the Index key and select Z88COMM.
To a PC:
Load up a communications package on the PC. As stated above,
I'll use Procomm as an example. Run Z88COMM on the Z88.
On the Z88 enter S for Send XMODEM. Enter the file name, but do
not hit enter yet. On the PC, hit PgDn for Download. Select 1 for
XMODEM, enter the file name and hit return. Procomm will wait for
the transfer to start. On the Z88 hit return.
Z88COMM will print the total number of blocks needed to transfer
the file and will start counting up blocks as they are sent. Once
the transfer is complete, Z88COMM will put you into the Terminal.
Hit the Index key and select BASIC to return to Z88COMM. On the PC,
Procomm will know that the file transfer is done and return to it's
normal screen.
From a PC:
Load up the software on both machines as stated above. Once in
Z88COMM on the Z88, select R for Receive, enter a file name and hit
return. Z88COMM will wait for the transfer. In Procomm on the PC,
hit PgUp for Upload. Select 1 for XMODEM, type in a file name, and
hit return. The file will now be transferred.
Once the file is transfered, Z88COMM will again put you in the
Terminal. Hit the Index key and the select BASIC to return to
Z88COMM. On the PC, Procomm will return you to it's normal screen.
Quill to the Z88
One user came up with a neat idea of how to transfer a text file
from Quill to the Z88. Using INSTALL_BAS, set up a printer driver
that uses preamble codes of ESC,N,ESC,F and post-able codes of
ESC,E,ESC,Z. These are commands for the Z88 Import/Export
application.
To transfer the text, enter Import/Export and select Receive and
enter a file name. Now have Quill print the file. Once the file is
printed, the post-able code will tell the Z88 that the transfer is
done.
Macintosh File Transfers
Since I do not have a Macintosh, I have to rely on the work of
others, primarily Dave Bennett.
When the Z88 first came out, it was marketed to Macintosh owners
as a portable Mac. Since Mac people were used to being a little
different, it was assumed that they would not mind a laptop that was
sort of non-standard. Cambridge sold Z88MacLink to make Z88 to
Macintosh file transfers easy. The software even comes with file
conversion, allowing text and spreadsheet files to be shared between
the Z88 and Mac.
Z88MacLink comes on ROM and can be bought with the Mac to Z88
cable. Once the two computers are hooked up, all work is done on the
Macintosh. The Mac treats the Z88 file system as an additional disk
drive (but a slow one). The program works with the typical Mac look
and feel.
File conversion is between MacWrite and PipeDream, PipeDream and
Lotus WKS files (which most Mac spreadsheets should be able to
handle), and Z88 BBC BASIC and Macintosh BBC BASIC (probably
available from England). There is a no conversion option for
straight text files or for storing Z88 files on the Mac hard disk in
native Z88 form.
File transfers between a Mac and Z88 do not need Z88MacLink. Any
communication software should do the trick. The only advantages to
Z88MacLink is it's ability to transfer multiple files at once, and the
ease of use.
There are some Public Domain Mac/Z88 programs written by Richard
Haw. All are available on GEnie or from Dave Bennett. They are:
ZX : a Mac to Import/Export (Z88) transfer program.
Z-Image : Enables the Z88 to display Mac graphics.
ZHyper : Enables the Z88 to interface with the Mac Hypercard
program.
Dave Bennett's address is: 329 Walton St. (rear), Lemoyne, PA,
17043.
T/S 2068 File Transfers
Once again I have to rely on others to help fill in this area of
file transfers. Again Dave Bennett supplied information, along with
John Shepard.
There is no commercial software available to transfer files
to/from the T/S 2068 and the Z88. Both computers will need to use
some sort of communications program. It has even been suggested to
use a BBS program on the T/S 2068.
Two methods of hooking the computers up have been suggested. The
most obvious is hooking up the serial ports on both machines. The
problem with this is that the T/S 2068 does not come with a serial
port. A serial port board must be added. These can be bought from
some Sinclair dealers, or one can be added to a T/S 2050 modem. I
have not found any information that describes the pin-outs in making
a T/S 2068-Z88 cable.
The other method is hook the two computers up with two modems. A
phone line is linked between the two modems. One modem is put in
ORIGINATE mode and the other in ANSWER mode. Once they connect,
anything you type on one computer will be displayed on the other.
Now files can be transferred using the built-in file transfer options
in Z88COMM and something like MTERM on the T/S 2068. Text files can
be tranferred by doing a data capture. This is a feature of most
communications programs that store any text going to the screen, in a
file.
One user reported that he could not get the two modems to talk
without first hearing a dial tone. Not wanting to alter the two
modems to fake a dial tone, he plugged a line from each modem into a
RJ-11 Y adapter and then plugged the adapter into the wall outlet.
Now each modem would get a dial tone.
Easy QL to Z88 Transfers
Phil Borman has written a QL program that fully understands the Z88
Import/Export protocol. The program allows batch send and receive of
Z88 files on the QL. The Z88 file names are imbedded into the file so
that when they are sent back, you won't need to re-enter the file
name. Because the QL can handle a variety of characters in file
names, the program can save the Z88 file to the QL disk with a real
Z88 file name (RAM:/letter.doc). The program comes with about 6 pages
of good documentation and is included on the Z88 Source Book disk.
DOCUMENT CONVERSION
There are some commercial programs that will convert PipeDream
documents into Quill or other word processors. PCLink, MACLink, and
the other commercial Link packages have this software. Without
having this software, the best way to use PipeDream documents with
other word processors is to use plain ASCII to get the document from
PipeDream to the other word processors.
Most word processors support the importing of ASCII files. Some
will import by line or by paragraph. Experiment how each word
processor imports text files. If the file has extra blank lines,
some word processors will not allow you to delete these lines once
the document is imported. Each program is different.
Converting PipeDream spreadsheets to Excel or Abacus can be a
little difficult. The numeric and text data should be able to
convert, but the formulas will not. The formulas are not compatible.
RAMS AND EPROMS
Memory on the Z88 can be increased by adding extra RAM cards into
the slots on the front. Each of the three slots can address up to 1
Meg of RAM. Slots 1 and 2 should be used for RAM and Slot 3 for
EPROMS. Adding RAM in Slot 3 will consume more power, thereby
reducing battery life.
There is an add-on chip that will increase the internal memory of
the Z88 from 128K to 512K. 512K is the highest that the internal
memory can be.
The latest version of the ROM is 4.0. It is supposed to fix a few
nagging bugs left in version 3.0. To see what ROM version you have,
while in Index, hit the MENU key and then the left arrow key. The
version of the ROM will be listed, along with other information about
software dates and copyrights.
Inserting a RAM or EPROM Card
1. Turn the Z88 ON and have the INDEX displayed.
2. Open the clear plasic flap covering the slots.
The Z88 will give a short beep and go blank.
3. Push the RAM pack into the slot, making sure the
writing on the front is upright.
4. Close the flap. The Z88 will come back on.
To check that the card is working, type <> CARD.
Removing an EPROM Card
1. Turn the Z88 on and have the INDEX displayed.
You must not have any suspended activities which are
making use of the EPROM.
2. Open the clear plastic flap.
The Z88 will give a short beep and go blank.
3. Remove the EPROM.
4. Close the flap. The Z88 will come back on.
DO NOT REMOVE AN EPROM WHILE THE Z88 IS TURNED OFF.
I have found that removing a RAM card is not good for the
Z88, it can cause it to crash or act very flaky. If you are
going to remove a RAM card, back up your files, use the same
procedure as removing a EPROM card, and then do a hard reset
on the Z88. It will now recognize all of your memory.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Memory Organization
The Z88 is based on a Z80 processor running at 3.2876 MHz. The
Z80 has a 16-bit address buss and can directly address 64K of memory.
The Z88 can use up to 4Meg of memory by having 256 banks of 16K. The
Z88 can address 4 such banks at one time. The 64K logical address
space is divided into the following 4 16K segments:
Segment 0: Logical addresses &0000 - &3FFF
Segment 1: Logical addresses &4000 - &7FFF
Segment 2: Logical addresses &8000 - &BFFF
Segment 3: Logical addresses &C000 - &FFFF
BASIC's program workspace is arranged in the following manner:
-------------------------- &FFFF
| BASIC Interpeter |
|------------------------|
. .
. .
|------------------------| &C000 or &4000 HIMEM
| Stack |
|------------------------|
. .
. Unused Memory .
|------------------------| Current limit of HEAP
| Heap | LOMEM
|------------------------|
. .
. .
|------------------------| TOP
| Program |
|------------------------| PAGE &2300
| Workspace for Interp. |
-------------------------- &2000
Memory Page #'s What Max Used
---------------------------------------------
00 - 1F Internal ROM 512K 128K
20 - 3F Internal RAM 512K 32K
40 - 7F Slot 1 1024K
80 - BF Slot 2 1024K
C0 - FF Slot 3 1024K
When a Z88 has 128K or more RAM it becomes an expanded machine.
Below are the differences between an expanded and unexpanded machine.
Property Expanded Unexpanded
-----------------------------------------------------------
Size of BASIC 40K 8K
Max Map Width 256 pixels 80 pixels
User Chars 64 16
Value of EOF -1 0
Putting RAM in Slot 2 or 3 does not expand the machine (only 8K
for BASIC) but does increase memory size. The unexpanded machine can
use 64 user characters, but if an 80 pixel map is used the last 48 of
these will be overwritten by map information when PipeDream is used.
Reducing the map width to 64 pixels, or not using the map at all
allows for free use of all 64 user characters.
EPROMS
One key note about EPROMs that I ran across that is fairly
important to note: when putting (blowing) files on an EPROM energy
consumption is acutally less than when you are regularly using the
Z88. The extra power needed to blow the EPROM is balanced by the fact
that the screen is shutdown when blowing the EPROM. Most people felt
that blowing EPROMs was a battery draining effort.
Devices
These devices are listed in the User Manual, but they are
kind of hidden. This is a good place to bring them up again.
:INP.0 the keyboard
:OUT.0 the screen
:ROM.0 the 128K ROM built in
:COM.0 serial port
:PRT.0 serial port (output only)
:NUL.0 unknown
To see the list of all devices on the Z88 (including additional
RAM), in Filer select Catalogue Files and give a file name of :*/ .
Use a file name of :ROM.0//* to see what appears to be a list of Z88
applications. Even though the use of :NUL.0 is unknown, I'll guess
that it is similar in usage to the Unix device known as /dev/null.
/dev/null is a device to send all your unwanted output to the
proverbial bit bucket. If a program provides output that you don't
need, you can redirect it to /dev/null and it will never appear.
Z88 Internals
If you were to open up your Z88 (don't do this lightly), here is
what you would see:
There are four chips in the Z88. From left to right they are:
128K ROM
32K RAM
ULA - Uncommitted Logic Array. This chip is a specially made
chip for the Z88. It replaces a number of stock chips.
Sinclair/Cambridge is known for having ULA chips in virtually every
computer.
Z80 CPU - This is a CMOS version for the Z88 that uses less
power than a regular Z80.
Next to the ROM chip is the Supercap Capacitor. This is the power
reservoir when changing the batteries. Below the expasion port is the
speaker (see the small ring of holes on the back of the computer).
Next to the ULA are the two eight-way keyboard connectors into which
go the ribbon cables from the keyboard. Unlike the membrane keyboard
of the Spectrum, ZX81 and the QL, the plastic molded keyboard actually
conducts electricity and makes the electrical connection. Below the
keyboard connectors are the two crystals used for timing.
AC Power Supply
The Z88 has a plug-in for an external AC adapter. When the
adapter is plugged in, power is taken from it and not the batteries.
The specifications for the adapter are:
6 Volts
300 - 500 milliamps
Positive center
Most Radio Shack stores or other electronic stores should carry
such an adapter. The one that I use is a universal adapter. It lets
me switch the voltage and the polarity. It also has 4 different
plugs. Radio Shack has two adapters that will work with the Z88.
The Universal AC adapter ( #23-1635HT ) plugs into an AC wall outlet.
The Universal DC adapter ( #270-1560HT ) fits into your car lighter
socket and allows you to externally power your Z88 while you ride in
a car ( I don't recommend doing much with the Z88 while you drive :-)
). If you need the DC adapter to reach further there is a 10 ft
12VDC extension cord (#270-1536HT). Even with the car turned off, the
Z88 should not be too much of a drain on the car battery.
Batteries
Some have suggested using rechargable batteries in the Z88. The
standard NiCad batteries do not put out enough umph to keep the Z88
up and going for too long.
One partial solution was to use 2 regular AA batteries and three
special 1/2 AA rechargable batteries from Sanyo. They would put out
a total of 6.2 volts, just over the 6 volts of new batteries. Some
adapters are needed to make the 1/2 AA batteries fit into a
recharger. Spacers with 90 Ohm resistors were made to fit batteries
into the recharger. This is detailed in the first issue of PipeLine,
the Z88 magazine put out for a short time by Tim Woods.
There is a new type of rechargable alkaline battery available
called Rayovac Renewal. These are real alkaline batteries that can
be fully charged up to 25 times. They will give you the full power
you need, better than NiCad batteries. I've never used them, but I'm
sure they are more cost effective than buying new batteries all the
time.
The external AC adapter port on the Z88 is designed to take 6
volts, just like it gets from the 4 AA batteries. This means that
almost any 6 volt power source could be hooked up to the Z88. This
includes such sources as a 6 volt Gel Cell, a pack of 4 1.5 volt D
cells (see next section), or even a solar cell that generates 6
volts. The electrically inclined can work up almost any device.
Z88 External Battery Box
As mentioned above, an external battery pack can be made for the
Z88. I have built such a pack using 4 D cells. I could have used a
large rechargable 6 volt cell, but I wanted to keep to using standard
batteries. To get the 6 volts for the Z88, all I needed was 4 1.5
volt batteries. Most standard batteries (A, AA, C, D) are 1.5 volts.
I went with D cells because they were about the biggest I could get
and did not cost that much more than C cells.
After looking at various electronic surplus places, I found that
good old Radio Shack had exactly what I needed. Basically I needed a
battery holder, a box to keep it in, and an adapter plug to fit the
Z88. Below is the parts list for this project:
270-627 Experimenter Box (6.25"x3.75"x2")
270-396 D Battery Holder (6 Volt)
274-1569A Coaxial DC Power Plug (male) 5.5mm OD
2 Lead wire (same gauge as on an AC adapter)
3/8" thick Foam Rubber
4 Screws
4 Rubber Feet
The battery holder does not fit square in the box it fits in at a
slight angle. The box is plastic with a metal cover. I wanted to
call the metal cover the bottom. Since it would be easier to mount
the plastic battery holder on the plastic box than the metal plate, I
mounted the battery holder upside down in the box with plastic model
cement (use lots).
To let the lead wires out, I drilled a small hole near the top of
one end of the box. (Since I put this all together upside down, it
looked like I drilled near the bottom of the box.)
The two wires coming from the battery holder are not long enough
to reach out of the box, so I ran the other wire into the box and
attached it to the battery wires. To make a good connection, I
twisted the wires together, put some solder on the joint, and wrapped
them with electrical tape. To keep the wire from being pulled out of
the case, I wrapped some electrical tape on the 2 lead wire so it
would not allow the wire to be pulled through the hole.
The length of the lead coming from the box to the plug can be as
long as you want. I went with a fairly long lead about 20 inches. I
connected the plug to the other end of the 2 lead wire. The Z88
requires that the inner part of the plug is positive ( be sure to get
this right or you might blow your Z88 ). It would be useful to use 2
lead wire with one lead marked ( usually with a painted stripe down
it's length ). The positive lead coming from the battery holder is
the red one. I soldered the wires on and then ran some electrical
tape around between the two connecting points. I wanted to make sure
that I did not get a short in the system.
Once I had this all hooked up I put the batteries in the holder
and, using a multimeter, checked to make sure that I was getting 6
volts on the plug. Since the batteries were fresh, I was actually
getting about 6.5 volts.
I did not want the batteries to fall out, especially since they
were going to be hanging upside down, so I put in some foam rubber to
support the batteries and the battery holder. I did not glue the
rubber to the metal cover, since some glue will eat foam rubber, plus
I did not feel a need to have the rubber mounted.
The screws stuck out beyond the cover and would scratch a table
surface, so I got some stick-on rubber feet to prevent this. The
metal cover is fairly tight and fits the box well. To make it easier
to get the lid off, I created a small notch in the cover with a metal
file. I did it just big enough to get my fingernail in and be able
to pry the cover off.
Total cost for the project (not including batteries and wire) was
under 7 dollars. Since I took my time to get everything right, it
took me about 1 hour to build the battery box.
Exactly how many hours I will get out of the 4 D cells, I'm not
too sure. I do know it will be far more economical than using lots
of AA's.
Lantern Batteries
I've found two different types of 6 Volt lantern batteries. The
first is a square battery about 1.5 inches per side and about 2.5
inches tall. The second is about the same height as the first but
about 3.5 inches wide ( like a tall brick). These batteries have
either little springs or metal poles for the positive or negative
leads.
Since they are 6 Volt, they are perfect for the Z88. What is
needed to hook them to the Z88 is:
DC Power Plug (same as mentioned above)
2 lead wire (same as mentioned above)
Micro Alligator Clips
Solder the DC power plug to the wire the same as above. Then
solder the micro alligator clips to the wire. Be sure to mark which
wire is positive and negative. You can buy color coded alligator
clamps, but I prefer to mark each wire with some tape and the + and -
symbol. This way I don't have to remember that the red lead is
positive (or is that negative?). Now just hook the clamps to the
battery and plug into the Z88. I have no idea of how many hours you
will get out of either battery (I'm guessing its lot's). If you
can't find these batteries, try a local camping/outdoor store. They
should have them.
CARE OF THE Z88
Cleaning
After having the Z88 a short time, you will probably notice that
the keyboard seems to attract dust like a magnet. It's not easy to
keep clean. I've heard some discussions on how best to clean it.
Some have suggested using a Q-tip and plain water. I like to use
a Q-tip and rubbing alcohol. Others have suggested using a vinyl
protectorant like Son-Of-A-Gun or Armor All. I don't know how these
will affect the keyboard, so use at your own risk.
Just don't plan on keeping the keyboard clean always. Just a few
days after I cleaned mine, it looked like I had never cleaned it.
As for the screen, ideas range from blowing on it, using
compressed air, using tissue, and using the same stuff you use to
clean a pair of glasses. I find a tissue and some clean water to be
good enough.
There was mention of how sunlight affects the Z88. It seems that
sunlight heats up the screen and takes more power to make the letters
dark. Just blocking the screen from direct sunlight should fix this.
I have no concrete numbers on the temperature range that the Z88
can handle, but I would guess that it should not be allowed to get
too hot or too cold. Leaving it in direct sun in a parked car is a
definite no-no. I have read that letting a LCD panel get below
freezing causes bubbles in the panel and perminately damages the
panel. Don't leave your Z88 in the car overnight in the dead of
winter.
If the keyboard seems a bit sluggish or non-responsive, it could
be the fault of the membrane beneath the keyboard being dirty. The
entire rubber keyboard can be taken off and cleaned underneath. Do
this at your own risk and don't do it during any warranty period.
The Z88 has been known to crash when having a constant pressure on
it's keyboard for a long time while it is turned off. I've only
experienced this with a Z88 that had other problems, but not my
current Z88 (I have not tested it). I've picked up a "Topper" to
prevent this from happening (see products below). The "Topper" is a
plastic cover that fits over the Z88 and protects the keyboard and
screen.
Of course, one of the biggest no-no's with the Z88 is dropping it.
I do not know how much shock the Z88 is designed to take, but I doubt
it is very much. The screen would probably be the first item to be
damaged. LCD screens are fairly fragile and do not take well to being
dropped. The motherboard can probably take a fair amount of shock.
The biggest worry about the motherboard would be a drop on the edge of
the Z88. This might cause some fair amount of cracking in the case
and motherboard.
TRAVELING WITH THE Z88
I carry my Z88 as part of my briefcase. With it I carry a few
extra items.
Batteries: Since it's hard to tell when the batteries will go out
on me, I like to keep a set of fresh batteries around. It is nice to
know that I can quickly pick up more batteries if I have to. In
reading one book on laptops, one contributor mentioned that traveling
with a laptop that used off-the-shelf batteries was better than
traveling with a laptop with rechargable batteries. Most
off-the-shelf batteries are available almost anywhere in the world.
With rechargable batteries, you need to have a converter to plug the
recharger into the local electrical system (which can be quite odd in
some countries).
External Battery Pack: Since I sometimes use my modem with the
Z88, I often find places where there is room to plug in the modem and
a lamp, but not the Z88 AC adapter. The external battery pack is
great for this. It is also good to run the Z88 almost anywhere for
extended periods of time.
AC Adapter: Since I want to make the batteries last as long as
possible, I like to use the AC adapter when I can. Especially if I
am using the serial port, as this is one of the major power drains
for the Z88.
Cables: I always carry a Z88-PC cable so that I can transfer any
documents to/from the Z88 and my PC at work. I never know if I have
to use my Z88 to keep meeting notes. Sometimes I carry a serial
printer cable just in case I need to use a printer while on the road.
To keep the cables wrapped up fairly small I needed some cable
ties that were reusable. Most cable ties are for single use only so
they were out. I made my own cable ties by sewing two pieces of
velcro together, hook on one side and pile on the other. When used,
the inside pile will grip the outside hook (or vice versa). My
wife's sewing machine could not handle the thick thread and the tough
velco, so I had to do the sewing by hand. With a little patience I
was able to make enough cable ties.
Procomm: Since most places have PCs, I like to carry a copy of
Procomm on 5 1/4 and 3 1/2 disks. With the cable and software, I
have all that I need to transfer documents.
Modem: I use the modem to dial into my Unix system at work with
my Z88 so I can read my mail while I'm on the road.
Printer: I have an older Diconix inkjet printer that works with
the Z88. Once I get it repaired I plan to carry it with the Z88.
Here are some other items to take into consideration when traveling
with the Z88:
- Theft of the Z88. The main reason I bought the Z88 was because
of it's size and weight. This also means that it can be stolen
fairly easily. Don't leave your Z88 just lying around. Besides the
physical theft, having your Z88 stolen means that your files go with
it, too. You no longer have access to those files, which can be
critical if they were important to you. It also means that the thief
now has your files. I doubt anyone will be keeping state secrets on
a Z88, but this is something to consider.
- Lighting. Since the Z88 has no backlit screen you will need a
light source wherever you use the Z88. Buying a laptop light will
solve this problem.
- Airport Security. I keep my Z88 in my brief case when I pass it
through airport security. So far no one has asked if I was carrying a
laptop. When traveling with another laptop, I was asked to turn it on
so they could see that it worked and was not a bomb. Just because I
was not asked to turn my Z88 on, don't expect to be so lucky. Be
ready to take it out and turn it on. There is also the worry about
the X-rays from the scanner zapping the Z88. I've heard from a lot of
people that the X-rays are fairly harmless. Your biggest worry is the
motors driving the belt in the scanner. But, if you are concerned,
take out your Z88 and ask for a hand laptop check. Airport security
should be used to this.
EXTERNAL SERIAL DEVICES
If you are taking your Z88 on the road, it would be nice to also
have a printer and/or modem. There are a number of portable printers
and modems on the market that are designed to work with any laptop
with a serial device. There are a couple of good magazines devoted
to laptop users, like Portable Office and Mobile Computing, and carry
ads for a lot of portable printers and modems. Check your local
newsstand or library.
Printers
Most portable printers are battery powered and can be used
anywhere. The only one that I've used is the Kodak Diconix ink jet
printer. It's printer quality is just a bit better than normal dot
matrix. Most portable printers will be of the ink jet type.
For serial printers, a Z88 cable can be made or bought for the Z88
(see the pinout listed earlier). For parallel printers a serial to
parallel cable can also be bought. For QL users, the Miracle Serial
to Parallel adapter will also work with the Z88. This adapter is
designed to work on either SER1 or SER2 of the QL. Luckily it also
works just fine on the Z88. Since I already had this adapter for my
QL, I was really happy that it worked with the Z88. One less cable
to buy.
If you don't want to carry a portable printer or can't afford one,
then there are ways to be able to print while on the road. Carry a
serial to parallel cable and a regular serial (9-25 pin) cable so
that you can print to almost any printer. If you are staying in a
hotel, ask them if they have a printer you can use. You could also
carry cables to download the file to a PC and then print out. There
are a number of commercial services that offer short term rental of
computers and printers. MailBox Etc. and Kinko's usually have
self-service computers and printers. Other copier places might have
them.
Modems
There are a variety of modems called "pocket" modems. These are
modems that plug directly to the serial port and are powered by a
9-volt battery. I have even heard of one that uses the power from
the phone lines. Hooking one of these to the Z88 will require a
small adapter cable but this need not be too long. There are even
some battery powered FAX/modems available. Make sure that you get a
plain text Fax modem. Most fax modems require input data be in the
form of a CCITT Fax 3 image format. Some fax modems will take plain
text, convert it to Fax 3 image format and send it. Check any of the
more popular computer magazines for more info on small modems.
Using your modem on the road is getting easier. Some hotel rooms
have data jacks built into the phones. For those that don't, the
phones are on RJ-11 jacks, instead of being hard wired into the wall.
Beware that the phone jacks might be in an out of the way place, like
behind the headboard of the bed. Be sure to carry some length of
phone wire and a female-female connector so you can hook together two
phone lines. Pay phones are starting to have data jacks in them. The
newer credit card-only phones should have data jacks. Don't expect
the phone in the phone booth to have data jacks. If you plan to use
these type of phones, there are some acoustic handsets available that
end in an RJ-11 jack.
In some of the "standard" laptop magazines I've read some
discussion about hooking up modems to digital phone lines and how they
can destroy your modem. When talking about digital phone lines, the
topic of PBXs comes up. I don't know the specifics of digital phone
lines and exactly why the would zap your modem, but there are a few
products on the market that plug into the phone jacks to confirm that
they are in fact non-digital and are safe for your modem. These
devices are not cheap, so you may want to research it further before
buying one of them.
Other Serial Devices
The Z88 should be able to hook up to just about any serial device.
The key factor is this, the serial device should not expect any
special driver software to run on the computer. Things like scanners
require software on the computer to convert the graphic image to text.
Without this software, the scanner is only good for graphics. Even
with this limitation, there are a number of serial devices that can
be hooked up to the Z88.
One such device that I have is a speech converter box, originally
designed for the QL, but since SER2 on the QL is almost wired exactly
the same as the serial port on the Z88, it interfaces just fine. The
speech box expects to receive ASCII text, just as if you were sending
the text to a printer. The box then converts it to speech and you
hear the results coming out of the speaker. I don't use it much, but
it's kind of fun to play with. If a person were blind, they could have
the Z88 read through a text file and output it to the speech box so
that it could be heard.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS WITH THE Z88
One of the greatest limiting factors about the Z88 is the 8 rows
of display. If you are dialing into a remote system they usually
assume that you have 24 rows. And the VT52 terminal the Z88 emulates
is defined as having 24 rows. When dialing into a Unix system, I
have found a way around this limitation. Using the command "stty
rows 8" I tell my Unix box that I now have only 8 rows of display.
It will then give me formatted output in chunks of 8 rows at a time.
This allows me to use vi (a Unix text editor), more, and read my
Usenet News with my Z88.
Using Telecommunications to Save Files
I've done a few dumb things with my Z88 that have caused me to
lose all of the files stored on it. Things like putting the
batteries in backwards can have disastrous effects on your files. I
would like to have a Z88 disk drive so that I could back up files to
disk while I'm on the road. The cost of a disk drive has prevented
me from doing this.
Since I have a modem and dial into my Unix account at work, I have
figured out that this would be a good way to back up my files. When
I have a file I want to back up I dial into my Unix account and upload
the file to it. It may take a bit to transfer, but I will now
have a copy of the file saved in a safe place. This does limit me to
sending text-only files (no formatted PipeDream documents), but I can
live with this limitation.
10
On-Line Services with the Z88
On-Line Services are the new hot topic in computers. America
Online, Prodigy, Compuserve, Delphi, and GEnie are all vying to get
you to connect to their service to connect to the rest of the world.
Unfortunately, most of these services require that you use their
special communications software that makes the most of their service.
Of the major On-Line services, I believe that Compuserve is the only
one still providing the old text-only interface.
Z88 and the Internet
Internet Services
The Internet has a number of ways of getting information:
World Wide Web
Also known as the Web or WWW, the World Wide Web is accessed using
a Web Browser. Data is in the form of documents, graphics, video,
sound, etc. The interface is mouse driven and has "hot links" which
when clicked on bring up another Web document/page.
Gopher
Kind of like the Web but uses a menu interface similar to that
used by a BBS. The original Gopher interface was character based,
but graphical ones were developed. Gopher has almost been taken over
by the Web.
Telnet
Allows you to connect or login to another system and start using
it. Connecting to a BBS is kind of like telnet-ing.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Allows you to transfer files to and from another computer. It
only allows commands like GET and PUT. Does not allow you to run an
application on another computer (like Telnet does).
Finger
Finger is a protocol/application that queries another computer for
information about a person on the computer. Some people have useful
information that is returned via the finger command.
Mail
Electronic mail is one of the primary reasons for getting on the
Internet. Letters can take minutes instead of days to get where they
are going.
USENET
USENET is kind of like the Internet News Service. It's a loose
collection of computers sharing messages that their users write.
USENET sends articles or "postings" around the world.
How to do this on the Z88
With a little effort you can get your Z88 to access most of these
services. The key thing that allows this for the Z88 is a VT52
terminal (emulated on the Z88 via Terminal). VT52 is not as popular
as the VT100, but most Unix systems will support it.
To make all this work you will need to get a Unix account on a
computer someplace. A number of local Internet Providers allow
"shell" accounts. The Unix shell is what gives you a command line
prompt (like QDOS or MS-DOS). Once you have access to your Unix
account from your Z88, you are on the Internet.
Accessing Web
There is a text-only Web browser called Lynx. I've tried it and
it will support VT52, but it has a few problems. The biggest one
being that because VT52 does not seem to support inverse characters,
you do not know which "hot link" you have moved to. You use the Tab
key to move from hot link item to hot link item. If you count the
number of tabs and the hot links, you should be able to figure
out where you are.
Accessing Gopher
There are some text only gopher browsers. If one is executed off
of your local system, it should understand that you only have 8 lines
of display (see the STTY command mentioned above). If you are
telneting to a gopher browser, then it will assume that you have 24
lines of display.
Accessing USENET
USENET readers are mostly text-only and should be able to handle
having only 8 lines of display. I use NN and it works just fine.
Other readers are TIN and RN.
Accessing Mail, Telnet, FTP, Finger
All of these services do not depend on having a certain type of
display. They will scroll the data down the screen. These services
are suitable for use with the Z88.
To use Lynx and Gopher, make sure your Internet Provider has these
installed on your host. Even without them, there are ways to access
the same information. Even with just an e-mail only account, a
number of these services can still be accessed. Below is a list of
more interesting sites for services.
Telnet:
Archie ( a way to look up stuff available on FTP servers.)
telnet archie.sura.net
telnet archie.unl.edu
Newspapers Online
telnet kanga.ins.cwru.edu
Weather Services
telnet downwind.sprl.umich.edu 3000
Gopher:
Catalog Mart
gopher catalog.savvy.com
Census Information
gopher gopher.census.gov
Currency Exchange
gopher caticsuf.csufresno.edu
Electronic Journals
gopher gopher.enews.com
Finger:
Almanac of Events
finger copi@oddjob.uchicago.edu
Earthquake Info
finger quake@gldfs.cr.usgs.gov
NASA Headline News
finger nasanews@space.mit.edu
Mail:
Archie via E-Mail
mail archie@archie.sura.net
(with Subject of help)
Fax via Internet (send a fax via e-mail!!!)
mail tcp-faq@town.hall.org (info)
mail tcp-coverage@town.hall.org (where you can fax)
FTP via E-Mail
mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com
(in body of message put help or ftplist)
10
Finger via E-Mail
mail infobot@infomania.com
(with Subject of #HELP)
Gopher via E-Mail
mail gophermail@calvin.edu
This is just a small listing of what is available. The key thing
to get is that with a Z88 you can still reach a large percent of the
information available on the Internet.
DOING THINGS WITH THE Z88
The Z88 as a PDA/PIM
The terms Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and Personal
Information Manager (PIM) have been used a lot in the press. A PDA
has been used to define what is an Apple Newton or Psion Series 3.
It can be considered to be a small hardware device that performs
tasks like scheduling (with alarm), phone number list, etc.. Some
PDAs are more limited (like the Casio Boss, or Sharp Wizard) where as
some are more open ended (Newton and Series 3). A PIM is usually a
piece of software for a standard PC that performs similar functions
as a PDA.
After looking at my Z88, I've noticed that it seems to fall within
the definition of a PDA. The Calendar, Diary, and Alarm applications
can be used together to set up a nice time schedule and reminder.
The Diary allows you to keep track of schedules by day and allows you
to insert comments or memos about the day's events. Zipping between
days is fairly fast with the Calendar.
Using the Z88 in a Home Office
One trend that I've been interested in in the last few years is
the Home Office. A Home Office is a room or section of a room set up
to do office-like work. It can be designed for doing office work at
home, running a business out of your home, or keeping your
personal/home life organized like a business. With the complexities
of taxes, investments, home ownership, etc., your personal life is
starting to look like you are running a business.
The Home Office is centered around a computer, it's software, and
it's peripherals. Most Home Office computers are configured just
like their counterparts at the office. There are also Home Office
designed "appliances" like fax machines, answering machines, small
copiers, etc.
The Z88 can be fairly functional when used to run a business or
home. It's word processor is adequate for most uses. It's spread
sheet can be used for most spreadsheet needs.
For the applications that are not built into the Z88, the BBC
Basic facility allows you to write your own application. They don't
need to be too fancy, just make them functional enough to do the job.
Remember, short Basic programs take up less space than longer
full-blown ones, and space is at a premium on the Z88.
Although I would not have a Z88 take on a full blown 486 system,
it can still do well, despite it's limitations. If you only have a
Z88, file storage can be a problem. EPROMs can get mighty expensive
and Z88 disk drives are not exactly cheap. I feel the Z88 works best
with another computer to be used as a file server. Dumping Z88 files
on another computer keeps important files backed up and can free some
much needed memory in the Z88.
The advantage of the Z88 is that your office computer can go with
you on the road. If you have a tendency to travel, having your Z88
along will allow you to keep right on working.
If you are interested in Home Offices, there are a number of books
out on the subject. One good one that covers more non-computer
related items is "Organizing Your Home Office for Success" by Lisa
Kanarek. It spends a lot of time discussing how to keep yourself
organized. It does cover computers, but only at a more general
level. One good magazine is "Home Office Computing." It covers PC's
and Mac's, but also has some general information tips. Part of the
fun is figuring out how to adapt what you read in the magazines to
the Z88.
Things to Remember When Using The Z88
The Z88 comes with a few limitations besides the obvious ones.
Keeping these limitations in mind should help in keeping a harmonious
relationship with your Z88.
- Be Aware of Memory Constraints.
Unless you splurged on a couple 1 Meg add-ons, your Z88 memory
can be a little cramped. Try not to do anything that would eat up a
lot of memory. Don't make back ups of your Z88 files on the Z88. Put
them on another computer or on disk.
- Use Short Hand Notations.
In using an application like the Diary, use short hand
notations to stand for your more common phrases. P: can mean Phone,
W: can mean to write a note or letter, F: can mean to send a fax, and
FU can mean to Follow-Up. Notations like these can save bytes here
and there.
- Back Up Often to Disk or another Computer.
The Z88 memory is volatile. One wrong or stupid move and ZAP,
everything is gone. Back up your important files almost daily to
either disk or to another computer. If you are using your Z88 for
business, it is even more critical to back your files up (at least
those that have changed since the last backup).
One little confession to show you how easy it is to ZAP your
Z88. When the battery low warning came on, I grabbed my spare
batteries, opened the back of the Z88, took out the old batteries,
put in the new ones, buttoned it back up, and set the Z88 off to the
side for a while. The next time I went to turn it on, it would not
turn on. The reason: I put the new batteries in backwards. Result:
I lost two important files. It can happen to you.
Tips that apply to Using the Z88 As a PDA/PIM
- Make Time to Use Your Z88 to Manage Your Time.
If you are going to use the Z88 to help manage your life, job,
or business, take the time out of every day to update your Z88 for
what happened today and prepare for the next day. Make sure to add
all of the items on your schedule. What good is a personal
management system if you don't use it?
- Find a Good Time Management Book
Getting a hold of a good time management / personal planning
book can help you get the most of using your Z88 as a PDA/PIM. You
need to build a management system and use the Z88 to help automate
that system. The Z88 can not create the system for you.
SOURCES
Suppliers
FDW Computing
Frank Davis
513 East Main St.
Peru, IN 46970
(317) 473-8031
fax 472-0783
W. N. Richardson & Co.
6 Ravensmead
Chalfont-St-Peter
Buckinghamshire, SL9 ONB
UK
Rakewell Ltd
24 Putnams Dr
Ashton Clinton, Aylesbury
Buckinghamshire, HP22 5HH
UK
+44 (0) 1296 630 617
Interlogic (Gunther Strube)
GL. Kongevej 37, 2.TH.
DK-1610 Kobenhaven V
Denmark
Woodward Technology
P.O. Box 15
Belper, Derbyshire
UK PE56 OXE
Domino Cubes
Mike Fink
352 7th Ave, 15th Floor
New York, NY 10001
Roy Wisti
135 Sheldon Rd
Voluntown, CT 06384
Ranger Computers Ltd
Ranger House
2 Meeting Lane
Duston
Northampton NN5 6JG UK
Fax (44) 604 589505
The Music Suite Ltd.
Cenarth
Newcastle Emlyn
Dyfed SA38 9JN UK
QHJ Freeware
c/o Tim Swenson
5615 Botkins Rd
Huber Heights, OH 45424
(513) 233-2178
swensont@mail.serve.com
Distributes both QL and Z88 Freeware
Repair/Parts
Computer Classics
Dan Elliott
RT 1, Box 117
Cabool, MO 65689
All Electronics
1-800-826-5432
Z88 Screens $16
Part # LCD-28
(These screens have been tested by a Z88 user)
Magazines
UPDATE Magazine
P.O. Box 17
Mexico, IN 46958
User Groups
The Z88 User's Club is no longer around.
BBS's
There was one BBS run by Phil Wheeler, has not been
around for a number of years. At this time, I know of no
BBS's specializing in the Z88.
Internet Resources
Anon-FTP:
sun.soe.clarkson.edu (128.183.12.3)
/pub/z88
ftp.unit.nvg.no
/pub/sinclair/z88
USENET
comp.sys.sinclair
Web Pages
Z88 Developers Notes v. 2
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/jrh/devnotes
Z88 Forever Page
http://members.aol.com/Z88Forever/Z88home.htm
Tim Swenson's Page
http://www.serve.com/swensont/
Z88 Source Book, Z88 Mailing List
Timothy Swenson
swensont@mail.serve.com
tswenson@dgis.dtic.dla.com
I (Tim Swenson) am keeping an up-to-date list of Z88 users with
Internet access (this includes such on-line providers like
Compuserve, GEnie, etc). Please send an e-mail message to one of the
above addresses and I will send you the latest list. If you wish, I
can add you to the list. This list is designed to work like a phone
book and is not a "true" mailing list or LISTSERV.
General Laptop Book
The book "The Complete Laptop Guide" by David Rothman is a good
source for general laptop use. It focuses mostly on MS-DOS and MAC
portables, but it has a couple of chapters applicable to all laptop
users. These sections include traveling abroad with a laptop,
getting your laptop through customs, telecommunications, on-line
sources, and the basics of electronic mail.
Z88 Rumors and Tid Bits of Eclectic Information
This section is designed to cover the more interesting bits of the
Z88 and who has used it.
Famous Z88 Users
Douglas Adams - Writer of the famous "Hitchhiker's Guide to the
Galaxy" books. He mentions the Z88 in his book "Last Change to See."
Teller of the magic troupe Penn & Teller (serial # 034862).
Marvin Minsky - Creater of Artificial Intelligence and LISP.
Jerry Pournelle - Science Fiction writer and columnist for Byte
magazine.
Mel Torme - Jazz Singer.
Stan Veit - Senior Editor Emeritus of Computer Shopper Magazine and
owner of one of the first computer stores in NY.
Z88 Rumors
Rumor has it that the Z88 sparked the Apple Newton. The rumor
says that a number of Apple execs were in a meeting when they all
noticed that they were using Z88s. They wondered why they were not
building something like it. This rumor may have some truth, since
the Z88 was fairly popular with Mac users. They did not care that it
was not PC (MS-DOS) compatible and they were used to high prices.
(The Z88 was not real affordable when it first came out.)
Rumor has it that a Z88 was seen on the NBC TV show "Night Court"
being used by Judge Stone ( Harry Anderson). The person that saw the
episode remembers seeing a sleek black little laptop on the judge's
bench.
Z88 Emulator For MS-DOS
A Z88 emulator for MS-DOS is being worked on. I have received a
copy of version 0.2. I have tried it out and it seems to work fairly
well. There are still a few bugs in the system. It is not what I
would call fully working. Once you leave the editor, all files stored
in the emulator are lost. There is not way to save files to disk.
When you start up the emulator, it does a hard reset. The author is
working on this problem along with many more. You can contact the
author at jeroen@login.iaf.nl. A copy of the current version of the
emulator is included on the disks.
Z88 PRODUCTS
This section is an attempt at a comprehensive list of products
that are/were available for the Z88. Those listed with a * are known
to be available from one of the above dealers.
Z88 Development Kit
[ the following section is taken verbatim from Gunther Strube]
Since day one of the Z88, good developers software have been
missing. However, a handful of software companies still managed to
produce software; Wordmongers, Rakewell, Ranger Computers, Computer
Concepts and a few others. They all probably had to use cross
assemblers (either programmed by them selves or obiquious versions of
old CP/M Z80 assemblers). Further, to blow the software on EPROM's,
they were probably using a PC with EPROM programming hardware and a
special Z88 EPROM card adapter. All in all a very difficult task
which only professional companies could afford to obtain. Programmers
with good application ideas but no cash have always been left in the
cold by Cambridge Computer.
The only development environment was the limited inline assembler
of the BBC BASIC standard application on the Z88.
Cambridge Computer never produced any high level language
compilers, nor Z80 assemblers, only notes about the operating system.
In fact these notes were in the first year only available to third
party dealers who had to sign a non-disclosure agreement before
getting a copy. In '91, four years after the birth of Z88, Cambridge
Computer released the V2.0 of the Developers' Notes, a slightly
improved version of the bug intensive first release 0.93. With a
promising detail - they were going to supply a cross assembler with
source files examples and modified RAM cards to produce applications.
But shortly after this release, Cambridge decided to stop everything
about Z88. The Developers project was dumped. Mathew Soar, the person
responsible for the software, stopped working for Cambridge just
before their move to Scotland. He managed to send the very first
internal release of the "Z88 application Cook book" documentation to
Vic Gerhardi of Rakewell Ltd. before leaving the company. Vic lent me
the copy recently (mid '95) - and sad to say the documentation
referred to a cross assembler available through another company - if
you could pay 100 pounds! The booklet only explained briefly how to
compile Z88 software with a few examples and a reference of macros to
10ease programming. Nobody at the time would have paid that price
anyway.
All in all there has never been any software for developers,
except documentation of how to write programs for the operating
system. I think this is the main reason for the very quick death of
the computer. A computer with no new interesting software is an
almost obsolete computer. I began my own developers project in '91
due to the frustration of not having any developers software for the
Z88. I believed that to prolong the life of the Z88 it was necessary
to have a set of software tool for programming application for the
Z88. At the time the Z88 User's Club still were running successfully
and it seemed to have an interest in keeping the Z88 alive. I
believed in that and began the work. The basic idea of my software
was to develop everything on the Z88 itself, with an additional
10help of a cross assembler on a stationary computer.
My story
--------
I have become a programmer with an interest for operating systems
and nice programming languages and algorithms. As with many others,
my interest began with ZX80 in primary school. Since then the ZX81
and Spectrum. With the introduction of the QL I was bitten by the
elegant design of the operating system and beautiful visual design of
the computer. QL is still my main machine (ported on the ATARI range
of computers using the wonderful port by Tony Tebby, the designer of
the original QL operating system QDOS).
I was lucky to get a job on the basis of my QL experience at
Dansoft, the danish QL agent. Imagine that - your hobby has become
your professional life!
At Dansoft we were working on the first QL clone - the CST THOR
PC. We managed to develope a genious piece of software for the THOR
to recieve and manage news from the danish news agency Ritzaus
Bureau. It was the first news program ever maid on a personal
computer. Even the ministry of state became our customer!
In '88 I was part of the team which made a danish version of the
Z88 computer. In our collaboration with Cambridge Computer we managed
to get one of the best versions of the operating system for our
danish issue. The filing system even allowed ISO characters in
filenames and we had a PipeDream application which could sort our
danish characters in the correct order. No other foreign Z88 version
were able to do that. I also translated the english manual with
extensive additions. The Z88 became my favorite (portable) computer.
Since then I have been using the Z88. At the time we were
extremely frustrated over Cambridge Computer's bad marketing strategy
with no dealer support at all. I believe the Z88 could have been a
much better and more popular machine if Cambridge would have
investigated into further improvements of hardware and software of
the Z88.
Due to the lack of developers software for the Z88 I have since
'91 been working on my own developers project in spare time. Many
months have gone by without any work on it. However, the software is
now completed (late '95). However, time and mass market Z88 users
have more or less gone with a good number of dedicated users spread
around the world.
The good news
-------------
All is not lost, though. The last stock of Z88's (about 4000 new
computers and periphials) are now being sold through Rakewell Ltd.
and Bill Richardson of EEC Ltd. at very cheap prices. 99 pounds for a
brand new Z88 and 120 pounds for a 1MB RAM Card! Many new users have
already bought it...
I believe it to be the last opportunity for a new market of
software development for the Z88.
10 I hope my software can contribute to a better software base for
this nice little computer.
The Z88 Assembler Workbench
---------------------------
This is the complete developing, testing and production software
package for Z88 EPROM applications. You only need a Z88 to get
started. Price of software: 150 DKK (about 15 pounds).
To obtain the software, a 128K EPROM must be sent to me.
Application software will be blown to EPROM and returned to you.
You also get 720K discs containing:
o Z88 Assembler Workbench documentation in PipeDream file format,
o source files comprising native Z88 assembler application,
o FFRREE executable Z80 cross assembler with ANSI C source files,
o FFRREE standard routine library with corresponding source files,
o FFRREE Z88 operating system manifest header files,
o FFRREE Z88 Developers' Notes V3.
o FFRREE OZ call definitions as on-line help for QD editor users
(QL only)
*** PLEASE SPECIFY EITHER IBM OR QDOS DISC FORMAT. ***
Further, as an available option, we produce a write-protected RAM
card (emulated EPROM) for easy software development. The price is
150DKK. Please refer to (4). You have to send one of your own RAM
cards.
I accept cash payment or checque drawn on a danish bank.
Send order with EPROM/RAM Cards to:
Gunther Strube
Gl. Kongevej 37, 2.th.
DK-1610 Kobenhavn V
Denmark
If you have any questions, just mail me on